A SIM card is used to just authenticate your identity on a particular network. It also contains your account information which allows you to either make a call or not. Your phone on the other hand has all the facilities to make a call. The SIM card just enables to latch on to a particular network after verifying your identity.
Emergency calls do not need any network authentication. Whenever you make an emergency call, the network directly connects you to the emergency desk without authenticating your identity thus bypassing the function of a SIM card.
You might have also noticed that emergency calls can be made even when there is no network coverage for a provider. This is because emergency calls can be made through any carrier available. If one network is weak, the calls would be made through a stronger network available at that time. When all the networks are weak, you are doomed and you can't make even an emergency call.
Emergency calls do not need any network authentication. Whenever you make an emergency call, the network directly connects you to the emergency desk without authenticating your identity thus bypassing the function of a SIM card.
You might have also noticed that emergency calls can be made even when there is no network coverage for a provider. This is because emergency calls can be made through any carrier available. If one network is weak, the calls would be made through a stronger network available at that time. When all the networks are weak, you are doomed and you can't make even an emergency call.
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